Design of feedback controllers for paraplegic standing

The development, implementation and experimental evaluation of feedback systems for the control of the upright posture of paraplegic persons in standing is described. While the subject stands in a special apparatus, stabilising torque at the ankle joint is generated by electrical stimulation of the paralysed calf muscles of both legs using surface electrodes. This allows the subject to stand without the need to hold on to external supports for stability-this is termed `unsupported standing´. Sensors in the apparatus allow independent measurement of left and right ankle moments together with measurement of the inclination angle. A nested loop structure for control of standing is implemented, where a high-bandwidth inner loop provides control of the ankle moments, while the angle controller in the outer loop regulates the inclination angle. A number of important modifications to a control strategy which was previously tested with both neurologically intact and paraplegic subjects are presented. The new strategy is described and an experimental evaluation with intact subjects is reported. The experimental results show that the control system for unsupported standing performs reliably, and according to the design formulation. There are a number of design choices, appropriate to different situations, and the practical effect of each is clear. This allows easy `tuning´ during an experimental session. This is important since the complete design procedure, from muscle dynamics identification to control design, has to be carried out as quickly as possible while the subject is standing in the apparatus. A number of recommendations are made regarding the preferred design choices for control of unsupported standing