Real time spectrum markets and interruptible spectrum

Historically, spectrum use has been increased through use of high frequencies, improved modulation, and between antenna techniques. However, these approaches are reaching practical limits. Cognitive radio allows new approaches to improve the intensity of use in spectrum which is licensed but under utilized. This paper addresses two such possible approaches. Real time spectrum markets permit users to exchange spectrum use. Interruptible spectrum would allow public sector spectrum users to recoup economic benefits for allowing others to share their low average, high peak use spectrum subject to preemption.