Complex Numbers and Phasors Without Vectors or √−1

Complex numbers are usually introduced as vector equivalents z = x + iy , where i = √-1, and a phasor notation is introduced via complex exponentials. This work introduces these concepts without vectors, and defines i as a 90° rotation, rather than as "the square root of minus one." All of the properties of complex numbers and phasors are then derived solely from rotation properties, as is i² = -1 .