Energy-conserving access protocols for identification networks

A myriad of applications are emerging, in which energy conservation is a critical system parameter for communications. Radio frequency identification device (RFID) networks, smart cards, and even mobile computing devices, in general, need to conserve energy. In RFID systems, nodes are small battery-operated inexpensive devices with radio receiving/transmitting and processing capabilities, integrated into the size of an ID card or smaller. These identification devices are designed for extremely low-cost large-scale applications, such that the replacement of batteries is not feasible. This imposes a critical energy constraint on the communications (access) protocols used in these systems, so that the total time a node needs to be active for transmitting or receiving information should be minimized. Among existing protocols, classical random access protocols are not energy conserving, while deterministic protocols lead to unacceptable delays. This paper deals with designing communications protocols with energy constraint, in which the number of time slots in which tags need to be in the active state is minimized, while the access delay meets the applications constraints. We propose three classes of protocols which combine the fairness of random access protocols with low energy requirements