Time-domain BIE analysis of large three-dimensional electromagnetic scattering problems

A time-domain boundary integral equation (BIE) solution of the magnetic field integral equation (MFIE) for large electromagnetic scattering problems is presented. It employs isoparametric curvilinear quadratic elements to model fields, geometry, and time dependence, eliminating staircasing problems. The approach is implicit, which seems to provide both stability and permits arbitrary local mesh refinement to model geometrically difficult regions without the significant cost penalty explicit methods suffer. Error dependence on discretization is investigated; accurate results are obtained with as few as five nodes per wavelength. The performance both on large scatterers and on low-radar cross section (RCS) scatterers is demonstrated, including the six wavelength “NASA almond,” two spheres, a thirteen wavelength missile, and a “high-Q” cavity