Factors in the design of electric heating elements

This paper describes how the scientific method can be applied to the design of three types of electric heating element¿pencil-type radiant elements, plate-type clamp-on elements, and immersion-type elements. In the first case a method of analysis is developed whereby the dimensions of former and wire may be simply determined, and in the latter cases the method of constructing design charts is given together with examples of their use.