The application and use of quartz crystals in telecommunications

This paper discusses some of the more important applications of the quartz crystal in the telecommunication art. In particular, the applications of both quartz oscillators and resonators by the Radio Branch of the Post Office are outlined and the performance of representative equipments incorporating crystals is described. In view of their importance, the methods which have been developed in the Department for the production of the necessary quartz oscillators and resonators are considered in some detail. The paper is divided into an Introduction and four Parts. In the Introduction, the scope of the paper, the quartz crystal and a standard nomenclature are considered. Quartz oscillators and their application to frequency control are considered in Part 1. Part 2 discusses the quartz resonator and some of its uses in frequency measurement and frequency selection. The production of quartz oscillators and resonators is briefly described in Part 3, while Part 4 is concerned with anticipated future development in both production and application.