Active graphene-silicon hybrid metamaterial devices

A combination of continuous wave optical illumination and electrical gating leads to a giant active modulation (~61%) of terahertz waves in a graphene-silicon hybrid metamaterial at extremely low gate bias voltages (1 V). The highly tunable characteristics of the graphene metamaterial device under electrical bias and optical illumination open up new avenues for graphene-based high performance integrated active devices compatible with the silicon technology.