Representing Uncertainty in CE

Providing analysts and decision makers with a means of assessing how certain extracted information is, and what the sources of uncertainty are, is an important part of the provenance of a piece of intelligence for decision-making. A major source of (un)certainty derives from the text in reports that analysts and decision makers rely on. We outline an analysis of uncertainty expressions used in English. We show how a controlled English can be used to represent the uncertainty expressions and infer important information, and how this information might be represented to analysts in support of decision-making for military operations.