Bearing estimation accuracy with a synthetic aperture

If a moving acoustic source emits a sinusoidal signal, the measured Doppler-shifted frequency can provide important information about the target parameters, such as relative bearing. Consideration is given to the passive sonar problem, in which the receiver extracts target position information from the observed Doppler-shifted frequency, induced by the relative motion between source and receiver (own ship). Under the stated assumptions, the estimate of the bearing from frequency measurements and the mean-squared error of the estimate are examined