Mars mission design and maximizing performance utilization

Considering the current investments being made in the Space Launch System and the Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV)/Orion, one must consider the implications of finding new architecture solutions which would maximize the performance utilization of these space transportation investments. This paper describes a Mars Design Reference Architecture (DRA) which utilizes a Gateway facility operating within the Earth-Moon Lagrange Point 2 (EML2) vicinity for the support of Mars transfer vehicle aggregation. The authors then present study findings regarding particular aspects of the architecture and potential design trade space and technology investment areas which would serve to bring us closer to realizing a human Mars mission as well as mature technologies which would propagate benefits on Earth. Weak Stability Boundary (WSB) based low-energy transfers are discussed, in conjunction with high-energy transfers, within the context of both near-term lunar vicinity missions and potential extension to Mars missions. These transfers are performed in such a way as to maximize mass delivery while minimizing the propellant used in the transfer. Also addressed are forward-looking dynamics which may be exploited in a Mars mission design. The Mars Ascent Vehicle (MAV) is addressed as it drives significant trades in the architecture. Included is an MAV Lunar lander derivative being explored as a potential risk reduction for the technology development required and the testing of eventual Mars architecture element systems. The Solar-Electric Propulsion (SEP) Mars transfer vehicle discussion centers on a propulsion system trade as a key driver in the viability of sustainable human Mars campaigns utilizing SEP technology. Finally concluding with a Mars Entry discussion utilizing a Hypersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator (HIAD) and potential pathways forward in the continuing development of this critical technology; additionally, laser power-beaming is briefly addressed as a solution- for power availability on the surface of Mars during a human mission.