Modelling of Muscle Extension and Flexion for FES-Assisted Indoor Rowing Exercise

This paper presents the development of physiological and mathematical model of muscle extension and flexion induced by functional electrical stimulation (FES) for indoor rowing exercise. Three segmental models with nine mono-articular and bi-articular muscle groups are developed to drive hip, knee and ankle extension and flexion. The developed muscle models are evaluated under the dynamic simulation of FES-assisted indoor rowing exercise. The muscle forces and active joint moments generated by each muscle group during rowing manoeuvres are recorded and analysed. In view of good results obtained, it is suggested that the muscle models developed can be used as artificially activated muscle models for future development of FES-assisted indoor rowing exercise.