Arc flash hazard reduction at incoming terminals of LV equipment

Where transformers are used to step down from medium voltage to low voltage, a widely used low cost solution for primary protection is a fused load break switch. While this device provides good short circuit protection, it provides limited protection for arcing faults on the transformer secondary and the incoming terminals of the downstream equipment connected to it. Consequently, the arc flash energy levels in this region can be very high (>40cal/cm² - calories per square centimeters) when compared with the rest of the electrical distribution system and may result in dangerous operating conditions. This paper examines a range of options for primary and secondary protection, identifying those that may result in higher levels of arc flash energy, and presents guidelines for the selection and application of solutions that have been implemented in existing and new installations, achieving a significant reduction in incident energy levels (lt;8 cal/cm²), while addressing concerns for reliability and selective coordination. Piecewise, linear modeling of transformer energization transient response is presented and compared with conventional engineering practice for selecting primary protection. Common assumptions made in modeling instantaneous overcurrent elements will be analyzed, modified, and exploited to achieve reliable application of blocking signals between devices in a protective scheme. Finally, the physical layout of electrical equipment will be discussed as a criteria for optimizing protection schemes to achieve safety by design.