Notice of RetractionSimulation and Analysis of Influence Factors on Performance of Vertical Ground Heat Exchanger for Ground Coupled Heat Pump

Notice of Retraction

After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE´s Publication Principles.

We hereby retract the content of this paper. Reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper.

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A numerical heat transfer model of vertical ground heat exchanger was developed based on finite volume method, and the influence factors on performance of ground heat exchanger was investigated. Simulation results indicate that higher conductivity of pipe material is more benefit to enhance the performance of ground heat exchanger. The heat transfer of ground heat exchanger increases with the augment of borehole length, while the heat transfer rate per unit length goes in the opposite direction. The flow rate of the fluid should be maintained at a lower level when the fluid is under turbulent flow conditions. Operation mode has large effect on performance of ground heat exchanger, and the design of ground heat exchanger should fully consider the load characteristics and operation mode.