Load flow calculations in distribution systems with distributed resources. A review

Distributed resources (DR) provide several challenges to distribution system analysis due to the models and solution techniques that are required for adequate representation and solution. Load flow analysis is used to determine voltage magnitude and phase angle at each system bus, power flow in each system branch, power injected by each generation source, and system losses. The power flow formulation for distribution systems may be both single- and three-phase. This paper reviews the models and techniques developed to date for load flow calculations in distribution systems with DR penetration.