Insights into factors contributing to the observability of a submarine at periscope depth by modern radar. part 1 - high resolution measurements

A set of high range and Doppler resolution radar measurements were performed to gain insights into factors influencing the detectability of submarine masts deployed at periscope depth under realistic operational conditions. This paper describes the measurements, processing results and some insights gained. It is followed by a companion paper [2] describing a subsequent computational electromagnetic (CEM) simulation investigation of a simple mast model in a realistic sea surface environment. It was performed to gain insights into the physics leading to some of the unexpected observed effects reported in this paper.