Europe: transmission system developments, interconnections, electricity exchanges, deregulation, and implementing technology in power generation with respect to the Kyoto protocol

The paper reviews sustainable electrical energy supply with wind and pumped storage, status of resynchronisation of the two UCTE synchronous zones, and progress of the Mediterranean Ring and the interconnection with Africa. It considers transmission system developments, interconnections, electricity exchanges, in addition to implementing technology in power generation in Europe with respect to the Kyoto protocol. The survey includes adjacent countries and regions. A special view is given on progress made in the integration of renewable energies such as wind power into the production and transmission systems. The final part of the paper examines technical rules for interconnecting the largest European power systems of UCTE, NORDEL and IPS/UPS by back-to-back converters and synchronously.