Localization of ventricular ectopic beats from intracavitary potential distributions: an inverse model in terms of sources

The mathematical model used for estimating the spatial location of the site of origin of paced beats from intracavitary potential maps provided encouraging results despite the oversimplifying assumptions. The robustness of the procedure, which is relatively insensitive to the assigned value of the distance between the dipoles, has been explained from the property of the equivalent quadrupole source. A more general equivalent source should comprise two mutually perpendicular pairs of oppositely directed dipoles to account for the effects of fiber rotation in the area of the wavefront plus a single dipole to account for the normal dipole layer component when the wavefront surface is open