Quantitative biomechanical analysis of Drosophila embryos through the stages of embryogenesis using a sensorized human/robot cooperative interface

To better understand the biomechanical properties involved in Drosophila embryo research, this work presents a mechanical characterization of living Drosophila embryos through the stages of embryogenesis. Measurement of the mechanical properties of Drosophila embryos is implemented using a networked human/robot cooperative interface featuring a novel, in situ, and minimally invasive piezoelectric force-sensing tool with resolution in the range of muN. Penetration force profiles of the embryos at various stages of embryogenesis are reported. The Youngpsilas modulus, stiffness, and the mechanical impedance of the developing Drosophila embryos are quantitatively evaluated and presented alongside experimentally derived mathematical models.