Direct geolocation of stationary wideband radio signal based on time delays and Doppler shifts

Contrary to the suboptimal (two-step) geolocation procedures, we propose a maximum likelihood estimation for the position of a stationary transmitter which its delayed and Doppler shifted signal is observed by moving receivers. The position is estimated based on the same data used in common methods. However, it is performed in a single step by maximizing a cost function that depends on the unknown position only.