Electronic simulation of thermal features of human skin

For modern electrosurgery, grounding pads are required for current feedback to the HF-generator. In contradiction to the cutting needle in the surgeon´s hand, this grounding pad must not heat up the patient´s skin. This effect can be avoided by a grounding pad of sufficient size, uniformly distributed conductivity, sufficiently low total resistance, and sufficient means against detachment of the pad. The AAMI standard for electrosurgical components requires measurements of these features, including heat measurements in the human skin or in an appropriate surrogate medium. Such an electrical surrogate with the necessary means for measurement is described