Vessel-source pollution prevention in particularly Sensitive Sea Areas - With respect to enforcement of associated protected measures

A PSSA represents a comprehensive management tool at the international level that provides a mechanism for reviewing an area that is vulnerable to damage by international shipping activities and determining the most appropriate way to address that vulnerability. Enforcement of APMs is the actual value of the PSSA concept. However, the current enforcement regime of APMs has many problems. The author proposes suggestions for violation of APMs without discharge, enforcement jurisdiction in a multi-State PSSA, exterritorial jurisdiction, as well as enforcement of APMs on the high seas.