A hierarchically coordinated operation framework for optimally integrating PHEVs into power grids

This paper explores the impacts of high-level vehicle-to-grid (V2G) enabled plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV) penetration on power grids and proposes a novel hierarchically coordinated operation framework which will facilitate independent system operators (ISOs), distribution system operators, and individual households to effectively integrate V2G enabled PHEVs into existing transmission, distribution and home area networks, respectively. Accordingly, PHEVs can operate as controllably mobile energy storage resources for providing energy and reserve ancillary services, enhancing power systems security and economics, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, efficient charging/discharging strategies will considerably save the electricity bill and reduce financial risks of PHEV owners while satisfying their driving preferences.