A W-band divide-by-1.5 injection-locked frequency divider in 90 nm CMOS process

A W-band divide-by-1.5 injection-locked frequency divider (ILFD) using 90 nm CMOS process is presented in this paper. Due to the fractional frequency division, the proposed divide-by-1.5 ILFD can be employed in a millimeter-wave local oscillation chain to avoid the injection pulling caused by the power amplifier. The measured input locking range is from 91 to 93.7 GHz, and the free-running oscillation frequency is 30.74 GHz. The dc supply voltage and power consumption are 0.8 V and 6.4 mW, respectively. The chip size is 0.86 × 0.87 mm².