On the frequency-band selection for ground-penetrating radars operating over lossy and heterogeneous grounds

The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method and the the perfectly-matched layer (PML) absorbing boundary conditions (ABCs) is applied to demonstrate the conductivity frequency relations in it three-dimensional ground-penetrating radar (GPR) problem involving lossy and heterogeneous ground. The selection of the center frequency of the source signal can influence the GPR measurements if these measurements are performed above a highly-conducting soil. However, since the skin depth of a typical ground model, with a conductivity value around 0.1 S/m, does not change rapidly, the enhancement of the target detection is not certain with the alteration of the center frequency.