Utilisation of numerical protection and control for a better handling of reliability of supply and maintenance

The protection and control (P&C) systems play important roles for the reliability of supply as well as the utilisation of the existing network. These aspects are subject to increased concern among network companies. The P&C solutions directly and indirectly influence the costs related to the network such as investments, maintenance and interruptions. One example of the direct influence is that P&C faults (incorrect operation) is estimated to contribute to about 12 % of the total cost of energy not supplied (CENS) in Norway.