Solar radiation and water for emission-free marine mobility

Solar powered boats can provide emission-free water transportation. However, due to uncontrollable radiation of the sun, they cannot reliably be applied to commercial transportation. This paper describes a research hybrid boat which is powered by photovoltaic cells and uses fuel cells as a back-up system. The hydrogen required to operate the fuel cells is produced by stationary photovoltaic cells and stored in a tank. An energy management system provides for optimum use of the hydrogen. Energy production and energy usage is emission free.