Dynamics and Modeling of Rechargeable Batteries: What electrochemists? work tells the electronic engineers

Energy storage is a hot topic in power electronics due to the steady progress of electric vehicles (EVs), portable devices, and backup systems. Rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors are two complementary device families that are growing rapidly. Despite the fact that lead-acid, nickelmetal hydride (NiMH), and Li-ion are mature chemistries, massive research efforts continue to improve their capabilities. Starting from the early models by J.E.B. Randles [7], electrochemists who strive to improve chemistries or develop new devices have contributed hugely to predicting the behavior of batteries. This review aims at explaining why the simple constant voltage source and a fixed resistance is not adequate as a model, and how more accurate models can be developed based on the internal electrochemistry processes within the electrode pair, the electrolyte, and the porous separator.