The design and implementation of a constrained WSN for permaculture farming in Egypt

Since the inception of the concept of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), their applicability within the context of environmental monitoring systems (EMS) has constantly been explored. Egypt stands to gain much from WSN-based EMS systems if they are properly applied within its considerably large agricultural industry. A system is developed and tested using locally available hardware within the technical, economic and social constraints of modern day Egypt. We show that the constraints in question mostly impact the routing layer of the WSN necessitating the development of a modified implementation of the LEACH routing protocol. The resulting system is thoroughly evaluated and our recommendations for its deployment are presented.