Flexibility of cosine impedance function in 2-D Digital Waveguide Mesh for plosive synthesis

In the last few decades, articulatory trajectories have been used to improve the accuracy of speech recognition and synthesis. In this article, we directly adopt the trajectories to control coarticulation in plosive synthesis to demonstrate that our 2-D Digital Waveguide Mesh (DWM) is able to simulate formant transition in plosives accurately. The formant transitions in our results are the acoustic results of controlling four places of articulation trajectories using electromagnetic (midsaggital) articulograph (EMA) data. Positions of lip, tongue tip, tongue body and tongue dorsum are inversely proportional mapped to cross-sectional area function of those places. Linear interpolation between them enabled all tract movement to be modelled. The results show that tract movements can be modeled in a linear or non-linear fashion and the results demonstrate that non-linear coarticulation provides the most appropriate outputs for plosives.