Contemporary concerns in Geographical/Geospatial Information Systems (GIS) processing

With the advent of advances in Geospatial Information Systems (GIS); there is a need to determine the areas of research and new tools available for GIS systems. GIS consists of the collection, integration, storage, exploitation, and visualization of geographic and contextual data and spatial information. Future GIS needs, techniques, models, and standards should be shared openly among developers for future instantiation of products. The summary of selected areas include (1) support for large-data formats including meta-data transparency, (2) adherence to open standards, (3) generation of extensible architectures, and (4) development of a consistent set of metrics for analysis. The future of GIS products will include non-spatial as well as spatial data which requires information fusion, management functions from machine-processed data to user-defined actionable information, and use-case challenge problems for comparison.