LRM Probe-Tip Calibrations with Imperfect Resistors and Lossy Lines

The line-reflect-match calibration is extended, without significant loss of measurement accuracy, to accommodate imperfect match standards and lossy lines typical of monolithic microwave integrated circuits. We characterize the match and line standards using an additional line standard of moderate length. The new method provides a practical means of obtaining accurate, wideband calibrations with compact standard sets.