Wideband HF simulator for multipath ionospherically reflected propagation channels

A wideband HF simulator has been constructed. It is based on the results of solving the general problem of HF propagation in the three-dimensional fluctuating ionosphere rather than on employing empirical models. It can simulate the ionospheric channel from any given transmitter to receiver location. For a specified background ionosphere all the possible propagation paths e.g. E, F1, F2 for both o- and e-modes are determined and summed. A noise model is also included. The statistical moments of the ionospheric sky wave are constructed to characterize the HF ionospheric fluctuating channel. They are employed, in particular, to produce the simulation of the random time sequences of the HF field in the multi-moded time-varying ionospheric channel.