Realistic and efficient wrinkle simulation using an anatomy-based face model with adaptive refinement

This paper presents a geometric wrinkle model based on facial muscles for realistically and efficiently simulating wrinkles generated in facial expressions. Our method simulates wrinkles on an anatomy-based face model that mimics the layered structure of skin, muscles, and skull for facial animation. Corresponding to three types of facial muscles, a geometric model is developed to govern how the wrinkle amplitude evolves locally upon skin deformation. By taking into account the properties of real wrinkles, it provides intuitive parameters for easy control over wrinkle characteristics. During facial animation, wrinkles are generated in the local regions influenced by muscle contraction, simulating resistance to compression of tissues. In the simulation, an adaptive refinement automatically adapts the local resolution at which potential inaccuracies arc detected depending on local deformation. Thanks to its geometric nature, our method simulates wrinkles that can be dynamically rendered at interactive rates.