When do you start to design R&M into a product? Concurrent engineering, CALS, and the R&M engineer

This paper deals with how reliability and maintainability (R&M) requirements and other requirements of a customer are handled by various approaches to engineering: sequential, concurrent, and requirements-based concurrent. This paper details the Grumman Concurrent Engineering Infrastructure Project´s development of concurrent engineering and requirement-based concurrent engineering together with how R&M fit into the prototypes. It is concluded that requirements-based engineering is the preferred engineering approach