Electromagnetic macro-modeling: An overview of current successes and future opportunities

An overview is provided of the concept of electromagnetic macro-modeling with emphasis on its most successful applications in the computational electromagnetics community. Use is made of a unifying mathematical framework that lends itself to the description of models obtained either through the discrete approximation of the system of interest (using, for example, a differential equation-based numerical method) or through a direct measurement of the response of the system. Model order reduction of electromagnetic systems that include frequency-dependent electromagnetic multi-ports and macro-modeling of electromagnetic structures exhibiting geometric and/or material uncertainty are highlighted as two important applications of macro-modeling for advancing both the modeling versatility and the computational efficiency of state-of-the-art electromagnetic computer-aided analysis and design methodologies and tools.