Thermodynamic limits of hybrid photovoltaic systems using multiple junction solar cells with carrier transitions at intermediate band

We have proposed the first demonstration of hybrid thermodynamic approach between multiple junction solar cells and the intermediate band solar cells. Because of increasing number of transitions inside each multiple junction from intermediate band, reduced number of stacks in this hybrid solar cell can be possible to increase efficiency compared to more than four stacks of conventional multijunction solar cells. The maximum efficiency of two stacks hybrid solar cells has been enhanced and its value is larger than over 4 stacks of multijunction solar cells. We have also found optimum bandgap of each stack and studied optimum transition of each stack both from valence band to intermediate band and intermediate band to conduction band.