Renewable energy: implementation and benefits

Many new renewable energy technologies now provide regular commercial energy supplies, especially for niche opportunities or where unwanted emissions have to be minimized. Of the many possibilities for harnessing the continuing energy flows in the natural and human environment, hydroelectricity, wind turbines, photovoltaics, solar heat (active for water heating and passive for buildings), biomass and waste treatment are the main industries. During the last 15 years there has been growing experience worldwide with equipment and installations, and increased appreciation of the institutional factors involved in the implementation of renewables as clean technology. Today it is an advanced subject, much dependent on modern materials, microelectronic control and new methods such as electric power load management. This paper summarizes common lessons learned, especially from Europe, to formulate a strategy for sustainable development