Low-drift U-shaped thermopile flow sensor

A thermal flow sensor has been realised consisting of a freely-suspended U-shaped microchannel. The structure is symmetrically heated by a heater at the top of the U-shape. The thermal imbalance caused by liquid flow is sensed by an integrated Al/poly-Si⁺⁺ thermopile. The U-shape microchannel facilitates the integration of a large number of thermocouple junctions, resulting in a highly-sensitive calorimetric flow sensor (40 mV/mulldrmin^-1 at 2 mW heating power). The heating power is controlled accurately by forcing a current, while measuring the voltage over the heater resistor. Influences of thermal gradients across the chip are minimised by the freely-suspended microchannel ends being fixed to the substrate over a small distance. The inherently zero-offset of the thermopile can furthermore be exploited in a control system cancelling temperature imbalance by liquid flow using additional heaters. This makes the flow sensor independent of heater resistor values and thermopile output characteristics. Accurate measurements up to 400 nlldrmin^-1 water flow have been obtained applying a temperature-balancing control system.