A continuous-wave medical yellow laser at 561 nm

All-solid-state continuous-wave (cw) yellow laser at 561 nm is highly interesting for their numerous potentials in biomedicine. This laser has higher absorption in hemoglobin, better penetration through the nuclear sclerotic cataracts, less heat dispersion in the neurosensory retina, and less discomfort to the patient. Therefore, this laser plays an important part in ophthalmology. Especially, the 561 nm radiation can excite phycoerythrin (PE) and its tandems and red fluorescent proteins such as DsRed and dTomato, as a result, this laser has become a standard for confocal microscopy and flow cytometry.