Nanosecond (Gigahertz) and Microsecond (Megahertz) pulsed electric field interactions with cell membranes

High-intensity nanosecond pulsed electric fields permeabilize cell membranes, restructure phospholipid bilayers, cause intracellular calcium release, depolarize mitochondrial membranes, and induce apoptosis. Molecular simulations reveal the mechanism for the electric field-driven reorganization of phospholipid head groups and water molecules that results in the formation of membrane-spanning water bridges and conductive pores. Progress has been made in taking nanosecond electric pulses to the clinic for the treatment of skin cancers and other lesions, but a deeper understanding of the underlying biophysical phenomena will facilitate the application of this technology in cancer therapeutics through non-thermal, minimally scarring tumor ablation.