Notice of RetractionDiscrete element model of conditioned soil for EPB tunneling

Notice of Retraction

After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE´s Publication Principles.

We hereby retract the content of this paper. Reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper.

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To simulate the machine and conditioned soil interaction taking place in the muck transport process of earth pressure balance shield tunneling, models of the conditioned soil must first be developed and validated. The displacement softening model is adopted to mimic the slump test of the conditioned soil in the discrete element software PFC3D. The influence of the contact model parameters on the behavior of virtual soils is analyzed. The results illustrated that the displacement softening model is appropriate for simulation of the flow property of the conditioned soil, which provides basis for the parameter determination of the discrete element model of the conditioned soil.