Modeling surface layer turbulence effects at microwave frequencies

The paper describes two approaches to model surface layer turbulence effects in a marine environment on microwave frequencies. One of the techniques is implemented within a hybrid ray optics parabolic equation model called the advanced propagation model (APM) and is based on a Monte Carlo approach. The second method is a direct computation of the log-amplitude variance of the signal. Predictions from the APM are compared against radio data taken during the rough evaporation duct (RED) field campaign, where radio data was collected at 3 GHz, 10 GHz, and 17 GHz. Turbulence effects were observed at the highest frequency of 17 GHz.