On the performance of the Koch fractal and other bent wire monopoles as electrically small antennas

The Koch fractal monopole, meander line and normal mode helix are considered as small antennas. It is demonstrated that the Koch fractal monopole does not exhibit unique behavior as a function of its fractal geometry. The simpler, less compressed geometries of the meander line and normal mode helix are shown to exhibit similar or improved performance compared to that of the Koch fractal monopole. It is also demonstrated that at or near the small antenna limit, the radiation resistance of these antennas converges to that of the Euclidean monopole of the same overall height, independent of differences in geometry or total wire length.