Generalized microgrid-to-smart grid interface models for vehicle-to-grid

This work presents a systemic method to address the integration of electric vehicle (EV) services in electricity distribution areas. Unidirectional vehicle-to-grid (V2G) is considered as the first feasible step in exploiting the EVs potential to provide energy services for the grid, because it necessitates of fewer infrastructures and gives lower stress to EV batteries. The implementation of unidirectional V2G requires the application of smart grid (SG) features in distribution networks with local micro-generation units, which involves dealing with the microgrid (MG) concept. In this respect, a generalized model is proposed to facilitate the definition of the possible modes of V2G interaction with both the other domains of the MG and the SG interface. An application of the methodology is proposed for the energy trading in short-time markets. In this case, the participation of V2G is addressed via optimization-based modeling where the different EV service attributes are considered by indices.