Multi-frequency path loss in an outdoor to indoor macrocellular scenario

Multi-frequency path loss measurements have been conducted in an outdoor to indoor macrocellular scenario. Four discrete CW signals were transmitted in the band 460-5100 MHz from the roof of a 29 meters tall building. The loss was measured inside and outside 5 different buildings at distances up to 600 m from the base station. Excess and building penetration loss and their dependencies on frequency and floor level have been studied. It was found that the loss decreases as the floor height increases. Based on corresponding measurement data an empirical building penetration loss model based on the transition between floor levels for which the building is in non line of sight and in line of sight condition with respect to the base station is proposed. Moreover, it was found that the excess path loss increases somewhat with increasing frequency, in particular in the range 2-5 GHz. It was found that the indoor excess path loss could be approximated with a lognormal distribution around about 30 dB.