Bistatic ocean surface reverberation simulation

Bistatic ocean surface reverberation is simulated using the bistatic framework (transmitter and receiver not collocated) of the generic sonar model (GSM) modified to incorporate the frequency spreading effects of transmitter, receiver, and scatterer motion and produce time-varying reverberation spectra. A computationally straightforward algorithm has been developed for computing high-frequency bistatic ocean surface scattering strength. The algorithm implements the Kirchoff approximation for near specular angles and composite roughness theory for angles away from the specular. The absorption and scattering effects of subsurface bubbles are also modeled. Simulation results are compared to high-frequency bistatic reverberation measurements made using a directional transmitter and omnidirectional receiver