Process compensated low power LO divider chain with asynchronous odd integer 50% duty cycle CML dividers

This paper illustrates the design of a process compensated bias for asynchronous CML dividers for a low power, high performance LO divide chain operating at 4 Ghz of input RF frequency. The divider chain provides division by 4,8,12,16,20, and 24. It provides a differential CML level signal for the in-loop modulated transmitter, and 25% duty cycle non-overlapping rail to rail waveforms for I/Q receiver for driving passive mixer. Asynchronous dividers have been used to realize divide by 3 and 5 with 50% duty cycle, quadrature outputs. All the CML dividers use a process compensated bias to compensate for load resistor variation and tail current variation using dual analog feedback loops. Frabricated in 180 nm CMOS technology, the divider chain operate over industrial temperature range (-40 to 90°C), and provide outputs in 138-960 Mhz range, consuming 2.2 mA from 1.8 V regulated supply at the highest output frequency.