Edge pedestal and Er-layer formation by X-transport in a tokamak plasma

Summary form only given, as follows. X-transport can be a baseline source of a strong edge Er and pedestal formation immediately inside the last closed flux surface in a diverted tokamak. It is a strong unconventional collisional transport localized to the X-region, caused by a lack of poloidal magnetic field. Some collisionless ions near the X-point cannot be confined, forming a loss hole in velocity space ions scatter into and out of the loss hole by Coulomb collisions to contribute to the convective collisional X-transport.