Zero sequence impedance of overhead transmission lines

This paper reviews the basic equations for ground loop current flow, including showing how neutral wires are included in the equations, then showing how this impedance is transformed from an ABC domain impedance to the 012 domain impedance. A side benefit of the approach taken is that the paper shows how one calculates the sequence impedances of untransposed power lines, including calculation of the off-diagonal (mutual) elements of the sequence component 012 domain impedances. The paper also addresses the calculation of mutual impedances between two parallel lines.